Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological
v. 1.0
Table of Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter 1: Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
Chapter Introduction
What Is Chemistry?
The Classification of Matter
Measurements
Expressing Numbers: Scientific Notation
Expressing Numbers: Significant Figures
The International System of Units
Converting Units
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 2: Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table
Chapter Introduction
The Elements
Atomic Theory
The Structure of Atoms
Nuclei of Atoms
Atomic Masses
Arrangements of Electrons
The Periodic Table
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 3: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
Chapter Introduction
Two Types of Bonding
Ions
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Ionic Nomenclature
Formula Mass
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 4: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds
Chapter Introduction
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Compounds: Formulas and Names
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Characteristics of Covalent Bonds
Characteristics of Molecules
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chemical Reactions
Chapter Introduction
The Law of Conservation of Matter
Chemical Equations
Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations
Some Types of Chemical Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Redox Reactions in Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 6: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
Chapter Introduction
The Mole
Atomic and Molar Masses
Mole-Mass Conversions
Mole-Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Problems
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 7: Energy and Chemical Processes
Chapter Introduction
Energy and Its Units
Heat
Phase Changes
Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
The Energy of Biochemical Reactions
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 8: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Chapter Introduction
Intermolecular Interactions
Solids and Liquids
Gases and Pressure
Gas Laws
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 9: Solutions
Chapter Introduction
Solutions
Concentration
The Dissolution Process
Properties of Solutions
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 10: Acids and Bases
Chapter Introduction
Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases
Water: Both an Acid and a Base
The Strengths of Acids and Bases
Buffers
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter Introduction
Radioactivity
Half-Life
Units of Radioactivity
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Nuclear Energy
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Chapter Introduction
Organic Chemistry
Structures and Names of Alkanes
Branched-Chain Alkanes
Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
IUPAC Nomenclature
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Chemical Properties of Alkanes
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkanes
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 13: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chapter Introduction
Alkenes: Structures and Names
Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)
Physical Properties of Alkenes
Chemical Properties of Alkenes
Polymers
Alkynes
Aromatic Compounds: Benzene
Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 14: Organic Compounds of Oxygen
Chapter Introduction
Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
Alcohols: Nomenclature and Classification
Physical Properties of Alcohols
Reactions That Form Alcohols
Reactions of Alcohols
Glycols and Glycerol
Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Names
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Organic Sulfur Compounds
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 15: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
Chapter Introduction
Functional Groups of the Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names
The Formation of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization
Esters: Structures and Names
Physical Properties of Esters
Preparation of Esters
Hydrolysis of Esters
Esters of Phosphoric Acid
Amines: Structures and Names
Physical Properties of Amines
Amines as Bases
Amides: Structures and Names
Physical Properties of Amides
Formation of Amides
Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 16: Carbohydrates
Chapter Introduction
Carbohydrates
Classes of Monosaccharides
Important Hexoses
Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
Properties of Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 17: Lipids
Chapter Introduction
Fatty Acids
Fats and Oils
Membranes and Membrane Lipids
Steroids
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 18: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
Chapter Introduction
Properties of Amino Acids
Reactions of Amino Acids
Peptides
Proteins
Enzymes
Enzyme Action
Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Inhibition
Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 19: Nucleic Acids
Chapter Introduction
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acid Structure
Replication and Expression of Genetic Information
Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
Mutations and Genetic Diseases
Viruses
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 20: Energy Metabolism
Chapter Introduction
ATP—the Universal Energy Currency
Stage I of Catabolism
Overview of Stage II of Catabolism
Stage III of Catabolism
Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism
Stage II of Lipid Catabolism
Stage II of Protein Catabolism
End-of-Chapter Material
Appendix: Periodic Table of the Elements